“CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the brain. They regulate neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity and are involved in processes such as cognition, emotional responses, and sensory processing.”

Source:
Zou S, Kumar U. Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018).

Cannabinoid receptors are also described in the respiratory system. Current evidence suggests that endocannabinoid signalling may influence airway-related processes, including bronchial smooth muscle tone and inflammatory signalling in the airways, in a context-dependent manner.”

Source: Bozkurt TE. The Endocannabinoid System in the Airways. *Molecules* (2019).

“Endocannabinoid signalling plays an important regulatory role in reproductive physiology. Experimental and clinical research indicates involvement in processes such as gametogenesis, embryo transport, implantation, and early pregnancy maintenance, with tightly regulated spatial and temporal activity.”

Source: Taylor AH, Amoako AA, Bambang K, et al. Endocannabinoids and reproduction. Human Reproduction Update (2007).

“Cannabinoid receptors are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Endocannabinoid signalling has been shown to influence intestinal motility, epithelial permeability, and inflammatory responses in the gut, primarily through modulation of neural and immune pathways.”

Source: Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. The Endocannabinoid System and Gastrointestinal Disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2006).

“CB2 receptors are highly expressed in immune cells and immune-associated organs such as the spleen. Experimental and translational research shows that CB2 signalling can modulate immune cell activation, migration, and cytokine release, thereby influencing inflammatory and immune responses.”

Source: Turcotte C, Blanchet M-R, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2016).

“The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is present in the human endocrine pancreas, including CB1 and CB2 receptors and the enzymes that regulate endocannabinoid levels. Research suggests ECS signalling can influence hormone release in pancreatic islets (e.g., insulin and glucagon) and thereby interact with metabolic regulation.”

Source: Bermúdez-Silva FJ et al. Presence of functional cannabinoid receptors in the human endocrine pancreas. Diabetologia (2008).

“Skin cells express components of the endocannabinoid system. Research has shown that the ECS contributes to the regulation of processes such as skin cell growth and differentiation, barrier-related functions, and local inflammatory signalling, thereby playing a role in skin homeostasis.”

Source: Bíró T et al. The endocannabinoid system of the skin in health and disease: novel perspectives and therapeutic opportunities. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2009).

“Skeletal muscle also interacts with the endocannabinoid system. Studies suggest that CB1-related signalling in muscle is linked to mechanisms relevant to metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity and fuel use (substrate oxidation). Physical activity may modulate parts of this system.”

Source: Heyman E et al. The role of the endocannabinoid system in skeletal muscle and metabolic adaptations to exercise: potential implications for the treatment of obesity. Obesity Reviews (2012)

“Endocannabinoid signalling contributes to the regulation of bone remodelling by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, survival, and activity. Experimental models indicate that CB2 receptor activation can promote osteoblast function and limit excessive bone resorption, suggesting a potential role in maintaining bone mass and in the regulation of bone remodelling processes.”

Source: Bab I, Ofek O, Tam J, et al. Endocannabinoids and the regulation of bone metabolism. Journal of Neuroendocrinology (2008).

“Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid-metabolising enzymes are expressed in hepatic tissue, where they influence processes such as steatosis, fibrogenesis, and vascular tone. Experimental and clinical data suggest that CB1 activation tends to promote hepatic lipogenesis and fibrosis, whereas CB2 signalling is more often discussed as having immunomodulatory effects in preclinical models of chronic liver disease.”

Source: Mallat A, Teixeira-Clerc F, Lotersztajn S. Cannabinoid signaling and liver therapeutics. Journal of Hepatology, Volume 59, Issue 4, 891–896 (2013).

“CB2 receptors are abundantly expressed on immune cells, including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as in secondary lymphoid organs. Their activation can modulate immune cell activation, migration, and cytokine production, thereby shaping inflammatory responses in a context-dependent manner.​”

Source: Turcotte C, Blanchet M-R, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2016).